Research progress on anti-tumor effect of Chinese dragon's blood / 中国中药杂志

As a traditional Chinese medicine, Chinese dragon's blood has multiple effects, such as activating blood to remove blood stasis, softening and dispelling stagnation, astringent and hemostasis, clearing swelling and relieving pain, regulating menstruation and rectifying the blood, so it is called "an effective medicine of promoting blood circulation". It has been widely used clinically to treat a variety of diseases. With the further research on Chinese dragon's blood, its anti-tumor medicinal value is gradually emerging. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that Chinese dragon's blood exerts anti-tumor effects mainly by inhibiting cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis, inducing DNA damage and cell cycle arrest, inducing senescence and autophagy of tumor cells, inhibiting metastasis and angiogenesis, as well as reversing multidrug resistance. This article focuses on the research progress on anti-tumor effects of Chinese dragon's blood extract and its chemical components, with a view to provide new references for the in-depth research and reasonable utilization of Chinese dragon's blood.

Research on in vivo metabolites of Longxue Tongluo Capsules by liquid chromatography coupled with hybrid ion trap/time-of-flight mass spectrometry / 中国中药杂志

Longxue Tongluo Capsules(LTC) has good efficacy against blood stasis syndrome during the recovery period of ischemic stroke. Its main active ingredient is the phenolic extract of Chinese dragon's blood. In our previous study, the primary mass fragmentation pathways of phenolic derivatives from LTC were clarified. Herein, the metabolites in rat plasma were characterized following the oral administration of loureirin A and loureirin C using liquid chromatography coupled with hybrid ion trap/time-of-flight mass spectro-metry(LC-IT-TOF-MS), with 18 and 55 metabolites identified, respectively. On this basis, with the help of the obtained accurate molecular weight, characteristic fragment ions, reference comparison, combined with LTC database and natural products database self-created in our group, 18 prototypes and 106 metabolites were tentatively identified in rat plasma after oral gavage of LTC at a dose of 500 mg·kg~(-1). Glucuronidation, sulfonation, and methylation were major biotransformation pathways of LTC. This study preliminarily clarified the LTC constituents absorbed into blood and laid the foundation for clarifying the effective substances of LTC.

Comparative study on differences of resin-containing drugs in Dracaena from different appearance based on HS-GC-MS and chemometrics / 中国中药杂志

Resin-containing drugs in Dracaena from four different appearances were analyzed by headspace sampling-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(HS-GC-MS) metabolomics technique and hierarchical clustering analysis(HCA) chemometrics method. This study was to analyze differential volatile components in resin-containing drugs in Dracaena from different appearance and metabolic pathways. The results of partial least squares discriminant analysis(PLS-DA) and HCA analysis indicated that there was little difference in volatile components between fiber-rich sample and hollow cork cambium sample, however, the volatile components in the two samples compared with whole body resin-containing sample and resin-secreting aggregated sample had a large metabolic difference. Twenty differential metabolites were screened by VIP and P values of PLS-DA. The content of these differential metabolites was significantly higher in whole body resin-containing sample and resin-secreting aggregated sample than in fiber-rich sample and hollow cork cambium sample. Sixteen significant metabolic pathways were obtained through enrichment analysis(P<0.05), mainly involved in terpenoids biosynthesis and phenylpropanoid metabolism. This result provided a reference for further study of resin formation mechanism of resin-containing drugs in Dracaena from different appearances. At the same time, it also provided a reference for establishing a multi-index quality evaluation system.

Development of a new Colombian product, effective for the treatment of carious lesions: a case study / Desarrollo de un nuevo producto colombiano, efectivo para el tratamiento de las lesiones cariosas: un caso de estudio

SUMMARY Purpose: We present a new Colombian product researched and developed by Seven Scientific Foundation, which has been very useful for the removal of the carious tissue in patients who have used this innovative product. Methods: We used a chemical-mechanical removal of dental caries. This product is made with 10% papain which is the active principle and works as a debriding agent, as well as being a bacteriostatic, bactericidal and anti-inflammatory agent; and also contain dragon's blood (Croton lechleri) sap which is an effective as analgesic/anti-inflammatory and especially as a healing agent. In this article, we present a case study of a patient, whose dental carious tissue was removed, using the dental new product. Description of the case report: In this article, we present a case study of a patient, whose dental carious tissue has been removed, using the new dental product, therefore this innovative technique of removal of the atraumatic carious tissue. Conclusions: This method is useful as it is a minimally invasive technique, without requiring the use of local anesthesia, or the additional use of dental instruments. It is used in the Colombian population of all ages and does not generate side effects in people who have used it so far.

RESUMEN Propósito: se investigó y desarrolló un nuevo producto dental el cual ha sido muy útil para la remoción del tejido carioso en los pacientes colombianos que han utilizado este innovador producto para la remoción químico-mecánica de las caries dentales. Métodos: Este producto está hecho a base de papaína al 10 % el cual es el principio activo y funciona como un agente debridante lo cual cicatriza el tejido removido, además de ser un agente bacteriostático, bactericida y antiinflamatorio. Descripción de reporte de caso: en este artículo se presenta un estudio de caso de un paciente al cual se le removió el tejido carioso dental. Conclusiones: Por lo tanto, esta técnica innovadora de remoción del tejido carioso atraumático resulta útil por ser una técnica mínimamente invasiva, sin requerir el uso de anestesia local al tejido afectado ni el uso adicional de instrumentos dentales. Se utiliza en la población colombiana de todas las edades y no genera efectos colaterales en las personas que lo han utilizado hasta el momento.

LC-MS guided isolation of two anti-inflammatory cyclic dihydrochalcane trimers from Chinese dragon's blood / 中国中药杂志

As an important integral part of traditional Chinese medicine chemical biology( TCMCB),it is of great importance to rapid isolate,and reliably identify the chemical components in herbal medicines. Phytochemical studies on the anti-inflammatory active part of Chinese dragon's blood,the red resin of Dracaena cochinchinensis,resulted in the isolation of two compounds,nordracophane( 1) and dracophane( 2),using LC-MS and chromatographic techniques( Silica gel,ODS and preparative HPLC). The structures,cyclic dihydrochalcane trimers,were elucidated on the basis of 1 D and 2 D NMR,MS,IR and UV spectral analysis. Compound 1 is a new compound,and 2 is isolated from D. cochinchinensis for the first time. Both compounds exhibited significant inhibition of nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharides( LPS)-stimulated RAW264. 7 cells with IC50 values of( 14. 9±4. 50) and( 9. 0±0. 7) μmol·L-1.

Preparation, characterization and dissolution characteristics of dragon's blood extract nanosuspensions / 中国中药杂志

The single-factor test was used to optimize the high-pressure homogenization method to prepare the phenolic extract nanosuspensions(DBNs). The physicochemical properties of the obtained nanosuspensions were characterized and the cumulative release in vitro was evaluated. The results showed that the drug concentration was 0.5 g·L~(-1), the mass concentrations of PVPK30 and SDS were 0.5 and 0.25 g·L~(-1), respectively, the probe ultrasonic time was 5 min, the homogenization pressure was 900 bar, and the number of homogenization was 2 times. The prepared DBNs had an average particle size of(168.80±0.36) nm, polydispersity index(PDI) of 0.09±0.04, stability index(SI) of 0.85, and DBNs were stable for storage within 30 days. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the particle size of the dragon's blood extract was reduced and the uniformity was improved in the obtained nanosuspensions. X-ray diffraction pattern and differential scanning calorimetry showed that the phenolic extract of dragon's blood was still in an amorphous state after being prepared into nanosuspensions. The results of saturated solubility measurement showed that the solubility of DBNs lyophilized powder reached 6.25 g·L~(-1), while the solubility of DB raw powder was only 28.67 mg·L~(-1). The in vitro dissolution experiments showed that DBNs lyophilized powder accumulated in gastrointestinal fluid for 8 h. The release amount was 90%,the cumulative release of the raw powder in the gastrointestinal fluid for 24 h was less than 1%, and the solubility and dissolution rate of the DBNs lyophilized powder were significantly higher than the DB raw powder. The method is simple in process and convenient in operation, and can successfully prepare uniform and stable nanosuspensions to improve its solubility, and provides a research basis for solving the application limitation of dragon's blood extract.

Mechanisms of Chinese Dragon’s Blood on alleviating colonic mucosal damage in mice with ulceratice colitis based on network pharmacology / 中草药

Objective: To investigate the effects of Chinese Dragon’s Blood (CDB) on DSS-induced ulcerative colitis (UC) in mice, and predict the potential main active ingredients, targets and signaling pathways of CDB by network pharmacology. Methods: Mouse UC model was induced by DSS. Balb/c mice were randomly divided into control group, UC group, CDB high, medium, and low dose group, mesalazine control group, 10 mice in each group. Except the control group, each group drank 3.0% DSS solution freely for seven consecutive days. The CDB group and mesalazine group were given corresponding medicines for gastric perfusion during the modeling period. The mice were weighed regularly every day to conduct occult blood test and observe the animals. The fecal traits were evaluated by DAI. At the end of the experiment, the mice were sacrificed and HE stained and scored. The “compound-compound target-disease target” network was constructed by online databases such as TCMSP, String, Cytoscape, etc, and the target targets of core compound targets and compounds were extracted, GO and KEGG enrichment analysis was performed on related targets. Treatment of biological processes and mechanisms of action that UC may regulate were analyzed. Results: Compared with the control group, the infiltration of inflammatory cells in the model group was obvious, and a large number of cup cells disappeared, and the degree of lesions spread to the muscle layer or even the whole layer; The cup cells in the CDB group re-grew, the extent of the lesion was limited to the mucosa, and the inflammation was alleviated. Through the network pharmacology, 112 target targets of CDB were screened, and 14 core compound targets such as ABL1, F2, and JAK2 could be applied to 11 disease targets such as ICAM1, IL-6, PTGS2, and MTOR. The GO analysis contained 415 enrichment pathways, including 389 biological processes, nine molecular functions, and 17 cell components. The KEGG database was used to enrich the relevant pathways, and 84 pathways such as PI3K-Akt were screened for UC. Conclusion: CDB can alleviate colonic mucosal injury induced by DSS in UC mice. It may regulate the expression of ABL1, F2, JAK2 and other target proteins through flavonoids, and then indirectly regulate the expression of IL-6, PTGS2 and other disease proteins. The JAK2/STAT3 and PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathways regulate the levels of inflammatory factors, inhibit the inflammatory response, and ultimately alleviate UC colonic mucosal damage.

New study on species of Chinese medicine dragon's blood / 中国中药杂志

Through comprehensive study on the descriptions of dragon's blood in traditional medical books, we pointed out that before Tang Dynasty, Butea monosperma was used as dragon's blood; during Tang and Song Dynasty, Liquidambar formosana. was used as dragon's blood; in Commentaries on the illustrations of Song Dynasty, the author made a mistake by combined the descriptions of Butea monosperma with the descriptions of the prepared medicine of Dracaena cochinchinensis in dragon's blood, and thus the oversea species D. cochinchinensis became the mainstream of dragon's blood source in homeland. Until the foundation of the Republic of China, Daemonorops draco replaced D. cochinchinensis to the main source of dragon's blood.

Quality Control of Dragon's Blood Spraying Film Agent / 医药导报

Objective To study the quality control methods for dragon's blood spraying film agent. Methods The pH value and viscosity of dragon's blood spraying film agent were detected. Drug dispersed homogeneous degree and particle sizes were determined with Nano Particle Size Analyzer and microscope. Content of Loureirin B was measured by Ultra Performance Liquid-Chromtography (UPLC). UPLC was performed on Waters C18 column (2. 1 mm×100 mm,1. 7 μm), the wavelength was 280 nm, the column temperature was 40 ℃ , and the mobile phase was 0. 1% formic acid aqueous solution and acetonitrile, and the flow rate was 0. 8 mL·min-1 . Results The pH value and viscosity of dragon's blood spraying film agent were stable, drug dispersion was homogeneous, and particle size of the drug was tiny. The concentration of Loureirin B had a good linear relationship in the range of 15. 51-77. 54 μg. Conclusion This method can be accurately controlled, has good stability and repeatability, and can fully control quality of dragon's blood spraying film agent.

Screening of Film￣forming Materials with Dragon Blood Plastics / 医药导报

Objective To study the film￣forming property of film￣forming materials in dragon blood ethanol solution, and provide the reference for screening of film￣forming materials for dragon blood plastics. Methods PVA124,PVA1788, PVP￣K30, EC, MC, PVB were chosen to study the film￣forming property of film￣forming materials based on solubility, formation time, and adhesion. Results PVA1788 and PVP￣K30 mixed in dragon blood ethanol solution in proportion of 4:1 showed good film￣forming property, and the membrane was smooth, uniform and easy to tear off.However, PVA124 and PVP￣K30 mixed in proportion of 4:1 precipitated in dragon blood ethanol solution.EC, MC and PVB were not easy to tear off the membrane. Conclusion PVA1788 and PVP￣K30 mixed in proportion of 4:1 and added with propylene glycol is the optimal choice of film￣forming material for dragon blood spray film.

Análisis fitoquímico de Jatropha dioica y determinación de su efectoantioxidante y quimioprotector sobre el potencial genotóxico deciclofosfamida, daunorrubicina y metilmetanosulfonato evaluadomediante el ensayo cometa / Phytochemical analysis of Jatropha dioica and determination of its antioxidant and chemopreventive effect on the genotoxic potential of cyclophosphamide, daunorubicin and methyl methane-sulfonate evaluated by the comet assay

Dragon ́s blood root (Jatropha dioica) underwent a phytochemical screening showing the presence of flavonoids and terpenes responsible for the antioxidant potential observed in DPPH model for the decoction, aqueous and methanolic extracts. The chemoprotective effect of the root decoction was evaluated in liver, kidney and bone marrow cells of mice using the comet assay. Mutagens were administered via IP: cyclophosphamide (CCF) 50 mg/kg, daunorubicin (DAU) 10 mg/kg, and metyl metanesulfonate (MMS) 40 mg/kg, were co-administered with three doses of decoction 3.72 ml/kg, 10.71 ml/kg, and 21.42 ml/kg orally. Animals were sacrificed at 3, 9, 15 and 21 h after inoculation. The chemoprotective effect decreased DNA breaks at 3 hours in all organs, and longer against CCF and DAU, this effect probably being related to the antioxidant capacity of the decoction.

La raíz de Sangre de Drago (Jatropha dioica) se sometió a un tamizaje fitoquímico destacando la presencia de flavonoides y terpenos, posibles responsables del efecto antioxidante observado en el modelo de DPPH para la decocción, extracto acuoso y metanólico de la raíz. El efecto quimioprotector de la decocción, se evaluó en células hepáticas, renales y de médula ósea de ratón, mediante el ensayo cometa. Los mutágenos administrados vía I.P.: ciclofosfamida (CCF) 50 mg/kg, daunorrubicina (DAU) 10 mg/kg y metilmetanosulfonato (MMS) 40 mg/kg, se co-administraron con tres dosis de decocción 3,72 ml/kg, 10,71 ml/kg y 21,42 ml/kg, vía oral. Los animales fueron sacrificados a las 3, 9, 15 y 21 h posteriores a la aplicación. El efecto quimioprotector disminuyó las rupturas del DNA a las 3 horas en todos los órganos con los tres mutágenos, y permaneció por más tiempo frente a CCF y DAU, dicho efecto está relacionado con la capacidad antioxidante de la decocción.

Observation of the curative effect of dragon's blood combined with optothermal exposure in the treatment of cervical erosion / 中国基层医药

Objective To investigate the clinical curative effect of dragon's blood combined with optothermal exposure in the treatment of cervical erosion. Methods 477 cases with cervical erosion were divided into two groups randomly which are 277 cases of the intervention group and 200 cases of the control group. The control group was treated with simplicity light-heat therapies and the intervention group was treated with dragon's blood oral,4 tablets each time ,3 times daily combined with optothermal exposure. The clinical outcome of two therapies were observed and compared. Results Control group :261 cases were cured(94. 3%), 11 cases were improved(3.9%) and 5 cases in vain (1.8%) The curative and total effective rate of the intervention and control group were 94. 3% and 75.0% ,98.2%and 92. 9%, respectively. The effective rate, and the vaginal secretion time and volume after operation have statistical significance (P ＜ 0.05). Conclusion The dragons invigorate blood and exhaust silt, convergent hemostatic, acetanilide detumescence, boils. Combined appicration of light-heat illuminate good curative effect, adverse reaction rate ,less in the treatment of cervical erosion.

The Effect of ProstaglandinF_(2a) (PGF_(2a)) in the Blood Plasma and Interleukin-1?(IL-1?) in the Blood Serum of Endometriosis in the Rats Treated with Complex Prescription Dragon’s Blood Plaster / 浙江中医药大学学报

[Objective] To optimize the exact preparative technique of complex prescription Dragon’s Blood Plaster(DBP),to evaluate the therapeutic effect to endometriosis rats with acupoint therapy and to discuss its probable mechanism.[Methods] Making into DBP through the preparation of ultra-fine powder,extraction of the volatile oils and their ointments were made as well.Induced by surgery for the experimental endometriosis ,observed that the levels of PGF2a in the blood plasma and IL-1? in the blood serum in different control groups.[Results] Complex prescription DBP could inhibit the ectopic endometrium hyperplasic ,and decrease the levels of PGF2a.No significant difference in IL-1? in the blood serum.[Conclusion]The treatment by acupoint therapy with complex prescription DBP is effective to endometriosis.It could inhibit the ectopic endometrium hyperplasic and promote the shrinking of glands.

Antiplatelet and Anti-thrombotic Effects of ?-cyclodextrin Inclusion of Dragon's Blood / 昆明医科大学学报

Objective To investigate antithrombotic and antiplatelet effects of Dragon's Blood,?-cyclodextrin inclusion of Dragon's Blood.Methods The methods of injection of adenosin diphosphate(ADP) into mouse tail vein,electrically stimulated arterial thrombosis in rats were used to evaluate the anti-thrombotic effects of Dragon's Blood and?-cyclodextrin inclusion of Dragon's Blood,respectively.Platelet aggregation(PRP or washed platelets) was tested according to Born's method.Results ?CYDB significantly protected against thrombosis caused by ADP on mice,and electrical stimulation on rats.In vitro?-cyclodextrin inclusion of Dragon's Blood inhibited AA,ADP,PAF-induced platelet aggregation.Conclusions The results suggest that compared with Dragon's Blood,?-cyclodextrin inclusion of Dragon's Blood has more potent anti-thrombotic effects on the thrombotic models,its mechanisms may be closely related to the inhibition of anti-platelet aggregation.?-cyclodextrin inclusion of Dragon's Blood can improve the bioavailability of Dragon's Blood.

Effect of Drogon’s Blood on the Expression of GSK-3? in Liver and Muscle of Mice with DM / 中国中医药信息杂志

Objective To study the effect of Dragon’s blood on the expression of GSK-3? and the volume of hepatic glycogen and muscle glycogen in the liver and muscle of mice with DM. Method Selecting 120 mice of Kunming strain,and randomly dividing them into six groups:normal group,DM group,Dragon’s blood groups with three dosage 125,250,500 mg/(kg?d) and C4H11N5?HCl group. Dragon’s blood groups were given Dragon’s blood by introgastric (ig) everyday for 7 d. C4H11N5?HCl group were given C4H11N5?HCl 1 mg/(kg?d) by introgastric (ig) everyday for 7 d. The indices were observed and recorded. Result After given Dragon’s blood,the expression of GSK-3? was decreased (P

Preparation and Quality Control of Powder of Promoting Blood Circulation to Arrest Pain / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To prepare powder of promoting blood circulation to arrest pain and to establish its quality con?trol method.METHODS:Qualitative identification of panax pseudo-ginseng,frankincense and dragon blood in the powder of promoting blood circulation to arrest pain was performed by TLC method.The content of dracorhodin in the dragon blood was determined by TLC Scanning Method.RESULTS:Good linear relationship was achieved when the sample size of dracorhodin perchlorate remained within the scope of0.6?g～3.2?g(r=0.9999).The average recovery rate was98.22%(RSD=1.53%).CONCLUSION:This preparation method is feasible,and the quality control method is simple,accurate and reproducible.

HPLC determination of ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate in Dragon's Blood / 中草药

Object To establish a HPLC method for determination of ethyl p hydroxybenzoate in Dragon's Blood. Methods Using C 18 reverse phase column and acetonitrile 1% acetic acid (31∶69) as mobile phase, detecting at 257 nm and quantitating with external standard method. Results The standard curves of ethyl p hydroxybenzoate showed good linearity over the range of 0.206-2.884 ng, r=0.999 8. The average recovery was 96.02% and RSD was 1.87%. Conclusion The method is quick and simple, and it is accurate and reliable for the determination of ethyl p hydroxybenzoate in Dragon's Blood.

Difference of Dragon's Blood from different extract processing / 中草药

Object To identify the differences of chemical constituents of Dragon's Blood obtained by different extract processing. Methods The mentioned Dragon's Blood was analyzed by TLC, UV spectro photometry, and HPLC. Results The contents of dihydrochalcone in Dragon's Blood by the new extract processing were higher than that by traditional one's, while the contents of flavonoid and stibene were lower. Conclusion The heating free technology is a new technique that is an original with higher extract rate, and it is worth of spreading. It will promote the modernization of TCM.

Analysis of loureirins in roots,stems,and leaves of Dracaena cochinchinensis / 中草药

Objective The experiment compared the chemical components in the roots,stems,and leaves of Dracaena cochinchinensis with those in the raw material of Dragon's blood,in order to find the possible raw material of Dragon's blood.Methods Technology of thin layer chromatography(TLC) and high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC).Results The results showed that the roots,stems,and leaves of D.cochinchinensis just contained small amount of loureirin A,the contents of loureirin A of the three samples are: 58,53,and 15 ?g/g,respectively.Loureirin B was only detected in the leaves with content of 2 ?g/g.Conclusion From the analysis of peak areas and the retention time,there are only slight correlations among the components of the four samples and the chemical components among the roots,stem,and leaves are different.Moreover,there is too low content of loureirins in the roots,stem,and leaves to be raw material of Dragon's blood.

Technology of supercritical CO_2 extraction process of Dragon's Blood / 中草药

Object To study the technology of supercritical CO_2 extraction of effective components from Dragon's Blood which has the inhibiting function on ?-glucosidase. Methods The influence of the extraction pressure, temperature, time and fluid velocity on surplus extraction rate and the improvement of inhibition was mainly discussed. Results The optimal experimental parameters were 15 MPa extraction pressure, 45 ℃ extraction temperature, 30 kg/h fluid velocity and 2 h extraction time. Conclusion The results show that SFE-CO_2 can enormously increase the surplus extraction rate and the inhibitory activities on ?-glucosidase.